Шахматная горячка в СССР
В России были времена, когда в шахматы играли все и везде.
Когда и где появились шахматы, сейчас сказать довольно трудно, но самая популярная версия гласит о том, что появились они в Индии на рубеже 5-6 веков. Для России существует более чёткий критерий, этот период даже имеет собственное название – шахматный бум в СССР.
В начале 20-х годов нашу страну охватило странное “заболевание”, его называли шахматной малярией, шахматной горячкой, шахматной лихорадкой. Словом, это было повальное увлечение шахматами. В 1920-м году старый большевик Ильин-Женевский поставил перед правительством вопрос о государственной пропаганде шахмат. Власти согласились, их привлекала военная природа игры, они были как бы продолжением непримиримой революционной борьбы.
Руководителем шахматного движения стал нарком юстиции и генеральный прокурор СССР Николай Крыленко. В 1925 году нарком устроил первый московский международный шахматный турнир, который должен был продемонстрировать прорыв международной блокады СССР. Государство выделило огромные деньги на новый комплект изоляции стыка. В Москву приехали Капабланка, Ласкер, Маршалл и многие другие. Они давали сеансы одновременной игры. Именно в те дни началась великая шахматная болезнь. Толпы поклонников собирались в залы, где шла игра. Шли трансляции по радио. Об одном турнире режиссёр Всеволод Пудовкин снял фильм “Шахматная горячка”, в котором Рауль Хосе Капабланка сыграл самого себя. После этого организация шахматных кружков и клубов вихрем пронеслась по всему Союзу. Шахматы не требовали особых денежных затрат. Доска и набор фигурок имелись в детских садах, школах, цехах заводов и домах отдыха. В шахматы играли все и везде. Молодой фанат шахмат Яков Рохлин сделал любимую игру ещё более престижной. Он заявил, что выражение “Шахматы – гимнастика для ума” изрёк Ленин. На самом деле это слова английского шахматиста 19-го века Пратта, но возразить Рохлину никто не посмел. И лозунги с якобы ленинским высказыванием висели в каждом шахматном клубе СССР, а в них к 1934-му году значилось полмиллиона человек.
В середине тридцатых годов в СССР переехали многие иностранные шахматисты. Москвичами стали чемпион мира Ласкер, гроссмейстеры Сало, Лилиенталь и ещё десятки игроков уровня мастера. В 1938 году главного шахматиста страны Николая Крыленко объявили врагом народа и расстреляли. Но шахматный ажиотаж в стране продолжался, и в 1948 году на первом официальном чемпионате мире по шахматам победителем стал российский гроссмейстер Михаил Ботвинник.
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